kdtree.cpp

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/******************************************************************************
 **  Filename:  kdtree.cpp
 **  Purpose:   Routines for managing K-D search trees
 **  Author:    Dan Johnson
 **
 **  (c) Copyright Hewlett-Packard Company, 1988.
 ** Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 ** you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 ** You may obtain a copy of the License at
 ** http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 ** Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 ** distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 ** WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 ** See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 ** limitations under the License.
 ******************************************************************************/

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
          Include Files and Type Defines
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#include "kdtree.h"
#include "cutil.h"      // for void_proc
#include "emalloc.h"

#include <algorithm>
#include <cfloat>      // for FLT_MAX
#include <cstdio>
#include <cmath>

#define Magnitude(X)    ((X) < 0 ? -(X) : (X))
#define NodeFound(N,K,D)  (((N)->Key == (K)) && ((N)->Data == (D)))

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Global Data Definitions and Declarations
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#define MINSEARCH -FLT_MAX
#define MAXSEARCH FLT_MAX

// Helper function to find the next essential dimension in a cycle.
static int NextLevel(KDTREE *tree, int level) {
  do {
    ++level;
    if (level >= tree->KeySize)
      level = 0;
  } while (tree->KeyDesc[level].NonEssential);
  return level;
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
template<typename Key, typename Value>
class MinK {
 public:
  MinK(Key max_key, int k);
  ~MinK();

  struct Element {
    Element() {}
    Element(const Key& k, const Value& v) : key(k), value(v) {}

    Key key;
    Value value;
  };

  bool insert(Key k, Value v);
  const Key& max_insertable_key();

  int elements_count() { return elements_count_; }
  const Element* elements() { return elements_; }

 private:
  const Key max_key_;   //< the maximum possible Key
  Element *elements_;   //< unsorted array of elements
  int elements_count_;  //< the number of results collected so far
  int k_;               //< the number of results we want from the search
  int max_index_;       //< the index of the result with the largest key
};

template<typename Key, typename Value>
MinK<Key, Value>::MinK(Key max_key, int k) :
  max_key_(max_key), elements_count_(0), k_(k < 1 ? 1 : k), max_index_(0) {
  elements_ = new Element[k_];
}

template<typename Key, typename Value>
MinK<Key, Value>::~MinK() {
  delete []elements_;
}

template<typename Key, typename Value>
const Key& MinK<Key, Value>::max_insertable_key() {
  if (elements_count_ < k_)
    return max_key_;
  return elements_[max_index_].key;
}

template<typename Key, typename Value>
bool MinK<Key, Value>::insert(Key key, Value value) {
  if (elements_count_ < k_) {
    elements_[elements_count_++] = Element(key, value);
    if (key > elements_[max_index_].key)
      max_index_ = elements_count_ - 1;
    return true;
  } else if (key < elements_[max_index_].key) {
    // evict the largest element.
    elements_[max_index_] = Element(key, value);
    // recompute max_index_
    for (int i = 0; i < elements_count_; i++) {
      if (elements_[i].key > elements_[max_index_].key)
        max_index_ = i;
    }
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}


//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
class KDTreeSearch {
 public:
  KDTreeSearch(KDTREE* tree, float *query_point, int k_closest);
  ~KDTreeSearch();

  void Search(int *result_count, float *distances, void **results);

 private:
  void SearchRec(int Level, KDNODE *SubTree);
  bool BoxIntersectsSearch(float *lower, float *upper);

  KDTREE *tree_;
  float *query_point_;
  float *sb_min_;  //< search box minimum
  float *sb_max_;  //< search box maximum
  MinK<float, void *> results_;
};

KDTreeSearch::KDTreeSearch(KDTREE *tree, float *query_point, int k_closest)
    : tree_(tree), query_point_(query_point), results_(MAXSEARCH, k_closest) {
  sb_min_ = new float[tree->KeySize];
  sb_max_ = new float[tree->KeySize];
}

KDTreeSearch::~KDTreeSearch() {
  delete[] sb_min_;
  delete[] sb_max_;
}

void KDTreeSearch::Search(int *result_count,
                          float *distances,
                          void **results) {
  if (tree_->Root.Left == nullptr) {
    *result_count = 0;
  } else {
    for (int i = 0; i < tree_->KeySize; i++) {
      sb_min_[i] = tree_->KeyDesc[i].Min;
      sb_max_[i] = tree_->KeyDesc[i].Max;
    }
    SearchRec(0, tree_->Root.Left);
    int count = results_.elements_count();
    *result_count = count;
    for (int j = 0; j < count; j++) {
      // Pre-cast to float64 as key is a template type and we have no control
      // over its actual type.
      distances[j] = (float)sqrt((double)results_.elements()[j].key);
      results[j] = results_.elements()[j].value;
    }
  }
}

/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
              Public Code
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
KDTREE *MakeKDTree(int16_t KeySize, const PARAM_DESC KeyDesc[]) {
  KDTREE *KDTree = (KDTREE *) Emalloc(
      sizeof(KDTREE) + (KeySize - 1) * sizeof(PARAM_DESC));
  for (int i = 0; i < KeySize; i++) {
    KDTree->KeyDesc[i].NonEssential = KeyDesc[i].NonEssential;
    KDTree->KeyDesc[i].Circular = KeyDesc[i].Circular;
    if (KeyDesc[i].Circular) {
      KDTree->KeyDesc[i].Min = KeyDesc[i].Min;
      KDTree->KeyDesc[i].Max = KeyDesc[i].Max;
      KDTree->KeyDesc[i].Range = KeyDesc[i].Max - KeyDesc[i].Min;
      KDTree->KeyDesc[i].HalfRange = KDTree->KeyDesc[i].Range / 2;
      KDTree->KeyDesc[i].MidRange = (KeyDesc[i].Max + KeyDesc[i].Min) / 2;
    } else {
      KDTree->KeyDesc[i].Min = MINSEARCH;
      KDTree->KeyDesc[i].Max = MAXSEARCH;
    }
  }
  KDTree->KeySize = KeySize;
  KDTree->Root.Left = nullptr;
  KDTree->Root.Right = nullptr;
  return KDTree;
}


void KDStore(KDTREE *Tree, float *Key, void *Data) {
  int Level;
  KDNODE *Node;
  KDNODE **PtrToNode;

  PtrToNode = &(Tree->Root.Left);
  Node = *PtrToNode;
  Level = NextLevel(Tree, -1);
  while (Node != nullptr) {
    if (Key[Level] < Node->BranchPoint) {
      PtrToNode = &(Node->Left);
      if (Key[Level] > Node->LeftBranch)
        Node->LeftBranch = Key[Level];
    }
    else {
      PtrToNode = &(Node->Right);
      if (Key[Level] < Node->RightBranch)
        Node->RightBranch = Key[Level];
    }
    Level = NextLevel(Tree, Level);
    Node = *PtrToNode;
  }

  *PtrToNode = MakeKDNode(Tree, Key, (void *) Data, Level);
}                                /* KDStore */

void
KDDelete (KDTREE * Tree, float Key[], void *Data) {
  int Level;
  KDNODE *Current;
  KDNODE *Father;

  /* initialize search at root of tree */
  Father = &(Tree->Root);
  Current = Father->Left;
  Level = NextLevel(Tree, -1);

  /* search tree for node to be deleted */
  while ((Current != nullptr) && (!NodeFound (Current, Key, Data))) {
    Father = Current;
    if (Key[Level] < Current->BranchPoint)
      Current = Current->Left;
    else
      Current = Current->Right;

    Level = NextLevel(Tree, Level);
  }

  if (Current != nullptr) {         /* if node to be deleted was found */
    if (Current == Father->Left) {
      Father->Left = nullptr;
      Father->LeftBranch = Tree->KeyDesc[Level].Min;
    } else {
      Father->Right = nullptr;
      Father->RightBranch = Tree->KeyDesc[Level].Max;
    }

    InsertNodes(Tree, Current->Left);
    InsertNodes(Tree, Current->Right);
    FreeSubTree(Current);
  }
}                                /* KDDelete */

void KDNearestNeighborSearch(
    KDTREE *Tree, float Query[], int QuerySize, float MaxDistance,
    int *NumberOfResults, void **NBuffer, float DBuffer[]) {
  KDTreeSearch search(Tree, Query, QuerySize);
  search.Search(NumberOfResults, DBuffer, NBuffer);
}


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
void KDWalk(KDTREE *Tree, void_proc action, void *context) {
  if (Tree->Root.Left != nullptr)
    Walk(Tree, action, context, Tree->Root.Left, NextLevel(Tree, -1));
}


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
void FreeKDTree(KDTREE *Tree) {
  FreeSubTree(Tree->Root.Left);
  free(Tree);
}                                /* FreeKDTree */


/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
              Private Code
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
KDNODE *MakeKDNode(KDTREE *tree, float Key[], void *Data, int Index) {
  KDNODE *NewNode;

  NewNode = (KDNODE *) Emalloc (sizeof (KDNODE));

  NewNode->Key = Key;
  NewNode->Data = Data;
  NewNode->BranchPoint = Key[Index];
  NewNode->LeftBranch = tree->KeyDesc[Index].Min;
  NewNode->RightBranch = tree->KeyDesc[Index].Max;
  NewNode->Left = nullptr;
  NewNode->Right = nullptr;

  return NewNode;
}                                /* MakeKDNode */


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
void FreeKDNode(KDNODE *Node) { free(Node); }

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
void KDTreeSearch::SearchRec(int level, KDNODE *sub_tree) {
  if (level >= tree_->KeySize)
    level = 0;

  if (!BoxIntersectsSearch(sb_min_, sb_max_))
    return;

  results_.insert(DistanceSquared(tree_->KeySize, tree_->KeyDesc, query_point_,
                                  sub_tree->Key),
                  sub_tree->Data);

  if (query_point_[level] < sub_tree->BranchPoint) {
    if (sub_tree->Left != nullptr) {
      float tmp = sb_max_[level];
      sb_max_[level] = sub_tree->LeftBranch;
      SearchRec(NextLevel(tree_, level), sub_tree->Left);
      sb_max_[level] = tmp;
    }
    if (sub_tree->Right != nullptr) {
      float tmp = sb_min_[level];
      sb_min_[level] = sub_tree->RightBranch;
      SearchRec(NextLevel(tree_, level), sub_tree->Right);
      sb_min_[level] = tmp;
    }
  } else {
    if (sub_tree->Right != nullptr) {
      float tmp = sb_min_[level];
      sb_min_[level] = sub_tree->RightBranch;
      SearchRec(NextLevel(tree_, level), sub_tree->Right);
      sb_min_[level] = tmp;
    }
    if (sub_tree->Left != nullptr) {
      float tmp = sb_max_[level];
      sb_max_[level] = sub_tree->LeftBranch;
      SearchRec(NextLevel(tree_, level), sub_tree->Left);
      sb_max_[level] = tmp;
    }
  }
}


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
float DistanceSquared(int k, PARAM_DESC *dim, float p1[], float p2[]) {
  float total_distance = 0;

  for (; k > 0; k--, p1++, p2++, dim++) {
    if (dim->NonEssential)
      continue;

    float dimension_distance = *p1 - *p2;

    /* if this dimension is circular - check wraparound distance */
    if (dim->Circular) {
      dimension_distance = Magnitude(dimension_distance);
      float wrap_distance = dim->Max - dim->Min - dimension_distance;
      dimension_distance = std::min(dimension_distance, wrap_distance);
    }

    total_distance += dimension_distance * dimension_distance;
  }
  return total_distance;
}

float ComputeDistance(int k, PARAM_DESC *dim, float p1[], float p2[]) {
  return sqrt(DistanceSquared(k, dim, p1, p2));
}

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
bool KDTreeSearch::BoxIntersectsSearch(float *lower, float *upper) {
  float *query = query_point_;
  // Compute the sum in higher precision.
  double total_distance = 0.0;
  double radius_squared = static_cast<double>(results_.max_insertable_key()) *
    results_.max_insertable_key();
  PARAM_DESC *dim = tree_->KeyDesc;

  for (int i = tree_->KeySize; i > 0; i--, dim++, query++, lower++, upper++) {
    if (dim->NonEssential)
      continue;

    float dimension_distance;
    if (*query < *lower)
      dimension_distance = *lower - *query;
    else if (*query > *upper)
      dimension_distance = *query - *upper;
    else
      dimension_distance = 0;

    /* if this dimension is circular - check wraparound distance */
    if (dim->Circular) {
      float wrap_distance = FLT_MAX;
      if (*query < *lower)
        wrap_distance = *query + dim->Max - dim->Min - *upper;
      else if (*query > *upper)
        wrap_distance = *lower - (*query - (dim->Max - dim->Min));
      dimension_distance = std::min(dimension_distance, wrap_distance);
    }

    total_distance +=
      static_cast<double>(dimension_distance) * dimension_distance;
    if (total_distance >= radius_squared)
      return false;
  }
  return true;
}


/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
void Walk(KDTREE *tree, void_proc action, void *context,
          KDNODE *sub_tree, int32_t level) {
  (*action)(context, sub_tree->Data, level);
  if (sub_tree->Left != nullptr)
    Walk(tree, action, context, sub_tree->Left, NextLevel(tree, level));
  if (sub_tree->Right != nullptr)
    Walk(tree, action, context, sub_tree->Right, NextLevel(tree, level));
}

void InsertNodes(KDTREE *tree, KDNODE *nodes) {
  if (nodes == nullptr)
    return;

  KDStore(tree, nodes->Key, nodes->Data);
  InsertNodes(tree, nodes->Left);
  InsertNodes(tree, nodes->Right);
}

void FreeSubTree(KDNODE *sub_tree) {
  if (sub_tree != nullptr) {
    FreeSubTree(sub_tree->Left);
    FreeSubTree(sub_tree->Right);
    free(sub_tree);
  }
}